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Addison’s Disease Nursing Guide

Addison’s Disease Overview

This course is intended as a Quick Reference for Addison’s Disease and will cover an overview and nursing considerations utilizing the nursing process

Addison's Disease Etiology and Epidemiology

Addison's disease is a rare disorder characterized by the inadequate production of hormones like cortisol and aldosterone by the adrenal glands. Approximately four out of every 100,000

people develop Addison’s disease, which is more common among females then males overall. It is usually fatal if a diagnosis is missed or delayed.

Conditions associated with a higher risk of Addison’s disease include:

  • Autoimmune disorder with destruction of adrenal tissues.
  • Polyglandular autoimmune syndromes seen in autoimmune adrenal disease (Sing et al., 2020)
  • Adrenal hemorrhage
  • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
  • Irradiation of abdomen
  • Fungal infection - Histoplasmosis
  • Tuberculosis
  • Sepsis
  • Syphilis
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
  • Malignancy - Lymphoma
  • Drugs, e.g., ketoconazole (Nizoral®), mitotane (Lysodren®), busulfan (Myleran®), etomidate (Amidate®) (Thompson et al., 2014)
  • Surgical removal of adrenal glands
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Genetic disorders such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia and adrenal leukodystrophy (Kirkgoz & Guran, 2018)
  • Abrupt withdrawal of steroids
  • Family history of adrenal insufficiency

Addison's Disease Diagnosis

  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test
  • Serum electrolyte levels (sodium, potassium, chloride)
  • Urinalysis for cortisol levels
  • Complete blood count
  • Thyroid function testing
  • Prolactin testing
  • Autoantibody testing (anti-21-hydroxylase antibodies)
  • Gram stain of sputum, purified protein derivative skin test (if tuberculosis is suspected cause)
  • Chest X-ray to look for tuberculosis or fungal infection
  • CT scan or MRI to check for tumors
  • ECG to rule out hyperkalemia

Management

  • Replacement therapy for mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and/or corticosteroids
  • Intravenous (IV) fluid
  • Dextrose to correct hypoglycemia, if present
  • Normal diet with maintenance of normal sodium and potassium balances
  • Increased salt intake in warm weather
  • Glucocorticoidhydrocortisone (Cortef®): 5 mg to 30 mg PO bid to qid, prednisolone (Omnipred®) 3 mg to 5 mg daily
  • Mineralocorticoidfludrocortisone acetate (Florinef®): 0.05 to 0.2 mg PO daily
  • Parenteral coverage is recommended in times of major surgery, stress, or trauma.

Addison's Disease Nursing Care Plan

Nursing Considerations

Use the nursing process to develop a plan of care for individuals. The nursing assessment (with common findings listed), diagnosis, interventions, expected outcomes, and education for

individuals with Addison’s disease are listed below.

Assessment

  • Anorexia
  • Amenorrhea
  • Diarrhea
  • Dizziness
  • Fatigue
  • Hyperpigmentation of skin (joint areas)
  • Muscle and abdominal pain
  • Hypoglycemic episodes in diabetics
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Decreased libido and impotence
  • Progressive weakness and weight loss
  • Salt craving
  • Impotence
  • Amenorrhea in female
  • Myalgia and flaccid muscle paralysis from hyperkalemia
  • Dehydration, hypotension
  • Hyperpigmentation of skin
  • Tachycardia
  • Absence of axillary or pubic hair
  • Clinical features of the diseases that cause Addison’s disease

Nursing Diagnosis/Risk For

  • Activity intolerance
  • Alteration in tissue perfusion
  • Knowledge deficit
  • Potential for injury
  • Risk for deficient fluid volume
  • Deficient knowledge related to new disease diagnosis

Interventions

  • Administration of medications as ordered
    • Corticosteroids
    • Mineralocorticoids
    • Glucocorticoids
  • Monitoring of electrolyte levels and correct hyponatremia and hyperkalemia as ordered
  • Prevention and management of shock
  • Protection of individual from further stressors or temperature extremes that can worsen Addisonian crisis
  • Administration of IV fluids to correct volume depletion and hypotension
  • Administration of dextrose to correct hypoglycemia
  • Monitoring of hemodynamics (blood pressure, heart rate)
  • Controlling nausea and vomiting by administering prescribed antiemetics
  • Maintaining fluid intake and output chart
  • Taking measures to reduce individual’s stress

Expected Outcomes

  • Individual’s understanding of disease and self-monitoring
  • No development of Addisonian crisis

Individual/Caregiver Education

  • Educate individual and family members about diagnosis and treatment.
  • Emphasize the need for lifelong medical supervision and steroid replacement therapy.
  • The individual should carry a rescue kit with hydrocortisone to be given intramuscularly in the event of an emergency.
  • Encourage individual to self-monitor blood pressure (BP), weight, and ensure adequate salt intake.
  • Individual should be familiar with prescribed medications, dosages, and side effects.
  • Individual and family members should learn signs and symptoms of steroid deficiency.
  • Diagnosed individuals need to wear a medical alert bracelet to ensure proper treatment in the event of an emergency.
  • Lifelong follow-up medical treatment is required.
  • Individual should never abruptly stop taking prescribed medications as this can exacerbate disease and prompt Addisonian crisis.
  • Individual should understand the importance of increase steroid replacement doses in stressful situations such as fever, surgery, or stress.
  • Avoid infection and excessive stress, which contribute

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Additional Information

Content Release Date 

4/1/2022

Content Expiration

9/30/2027